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Contents
Preface v
SECTION – I: BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING 1 – 3
1.1 Civil Engineering Infrastructure Projects 1
1.2 Role of Civil Engineers 2
1.3 Importance of an Interdisciplinary Approach 2
Questions 3
CHAPTER II: BASIC AREAS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING 4 – 9
2.1 Surveying 4
2.2 Construction Engineering 5
2.3 Structural Engineering 5
2.4 Earthquake Engineering 5
2.5 Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering 5
2.6 Quantity Surveying 6
2.7 Fluid Mechanics 6
2.8 Irrigation Engineering 6
2.9 Transportation Engineering 6
2.10 Environmental Engineering 7
2.11 Town Planning 7
2.12 Infrastructural Development 7
2.13 Project Management 7
2.14 Remote Sensing 8
Questions 9
CHAPTER III: MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 10 – 21
3.1 Stone 10
3.2 Bricks 11
3.3 Sand 11
3.4 Reinforcing Steel 12
3.5 Cement 13
3.6 Plain Cement Concrete 13
3.7 Reinforced Cement Concrete 13
3.8 Prestressed Concrete (PSC) 14
3.9 Precast Concrete 15
3.10 Introduction to Smart Materials 15
3.11 Recycling of Materials 17
Questions 20
CHAPTER IV: CONSTRUCTION OF SUBSTRUCTURES 22 – 31
4.1 Functions of Foundation 22
4.2 Bearing Capacity 22
4.3 Types of Shallow Foundations 25
4.4 Foundations Using Piles 31
Questions 31
CHAPTER V: SUPERSTRUCTURES 32 – 41
5.1 Types of Loads on Superstructures 32
5.2 Dead Loads 32
5.3 Imposed Loads (IL) 33
5.4 Wind Loads 36
5.5 Snow Loads 36
5.6 Earthquake Forces 37
5.7 Other Forces and Effects 38
5.8 Load Combinations 38
5.9 Types of Construction 39
5.9 Composite Construction 40
Questions 41
CHAPTER VI: INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION 42 – 47
6.1 Automation in Building Construction 42
6.2 Automation in Dam Construction 46
6.3 Automation in Bridge Construction 47
6.4 Automation in Road Construction 47
Questions 47
CHAPTER VII: INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING 48 – 58
7.1 Maps 48
7.2 Uses of Maps 48
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
7.3 Methods of Locating a Point with Respect to Two Reference Points 49
7.4 Principle of Surveying 49
7.5 Modern Survey Methods 50
7.6 Introduction to Digital Mapping 56
7.7 Digital Planimeter for Measuring Areas from Maps 56
Questions 58
CHAPTER VIII: INTRODUCTION TO LEVELLING 59 – 66
8.1 Definitions of Basic Terms used in Levelling 59
8.2 Principle of Direct Levelling 60
8.3 Types of Levelling 61
8.4 Preparation of Contour Maps 63
Questions 66
CHAPTER IX: INTRODUCTION TO GIS AND OTHER SURVEY SOFTWARES 67 – 69
9.1 Data for GIS 67
9.2 Areas of GIS Applications 67
9.3 GIS based Softwares 68
9.4 Other Surveying Software 68
Questions 69
SECTION – II: ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER X: ECOLOGY AND ECOSYSTEM 73 – 122
10.1 Concept of Environment 73
10.2 Concept of Ecology and Ecosystem 74
10.3 Biotic and Abiotic Factors 74
10.4 Ecological Cycles (Biogeochemical Cycles) 79
10.5 Human (Anthropogenic) Impacts on Environment 81
10.6 Need to Conserve Natural Resources 102
10.7 Resource Conservation Practices 105
10.8 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) 112
10.9 Solid Waste Management 118
10.10 Electronic Waste (E-waste) and its Disposal 121
CHAPTER XI: PLANNING FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT 123 – 141
11.0 Built Environment 123
11.1 Natural and Man-made Environment 124
11.2 Environmental Approach of Built Environment 125
11.3 Principles of Planning 126
11.4 Role of Bye-laws in Environmental Regulation 134
11.5 Use of Various Eco-friendly Materials in Construction 136
11.6 Concept of Green Building 138
CHAPTER XII: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 142 – 183
12.1 Types of Energy Resources 142
12.2 Growing Energy Demands and Need for Alternate Energy Resources 148
12.3 Methods of Harnessing Energy 149
12.4 Environmental Pollution 165
12.5 Noise Pollution 170
12.6 Water Treatment 174
12.7 Water Pollution 177
12.8 Land Pollution 1